Path-Goal Leadership Theory Essay -- Path-Goal Leadership Theory

Path-goal theory deals with the leader's style to motivate followers, to accomplish set goals (Northouse, 2010). The path-goal theory is simply the implication that a leader works with an individual to establish a goal. The leader does this by individual motivation to achieve the proposed goal, while working through obstacles that may hinder achieving that goal (Whitener, 2007). The basic assumption of path-goal theory is that the following motivates subordinates: the capability to perform the work, their efforts will result in a certain outcome, and the payoff will be worthwhile (Whitener, 2007). The path-goal theory is a pragmatic approach that the leader uses to motivate the followers to achieve the set goals. The path-goal theory is derived from the expectancy theory and contains four types of leadership behaviors: directive, supportive, participative, and achievement-oriented (Whitener, 2007). Directive leaders provide clear task instructions, timeline for task completion, and standards of expectancy and how to accomplish the task (Northouse, 2010). Supportive leaders are friendly and approachable, treat followers as equals, and attempt to make the work pleasurable for the follower (Whitener, 2007). A participative leader shares decision making with followers and integrates their suggestions and feedback into the task goals (Northouse, 2010). Finally, achievement-oriented leaders challenge followers to achieve excellence by encouraging them to work at the highest level of achievement possible (Northouse, 2010). However, each of the behaviors can be used individually or collectively as different situations call for different behaviors (Whitener, 2007). Follower characteristics describe how an individual will interpret ... ...ality, it is my belief it will prove also efficient. By automating the asset tracking processes, our people will be freed up to think and plan as opposed to do and react. In addition, our management will have the accurate and timely information they need to make strategic and tactical asset procurement, tracking and retirement decisions. Works Cited CSC. (2010). Retrieved from http://www.csc.com/global_alliances/alliances/32254-sap Kinicki, A., & Kreitner, R. (2009). Organizational behavior: Key concepts, skills and best practices (customized 4th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Irwin. Northouse, P. (2010). Leadership theory and practice. Thousand Oaks, Ca.: Sage Publications, Inc. Whitener, J. K. (2007). Year of wonders: The wonder of leadership. Advances in Developing Human Resources, 9(2), 214-222,226-230,234-235. from ABI/INFORM Global.

Miller further Essay

Miller further continues the feeling of contempt towards John Proctor in the following Act through Elizabeth Proctor’s despair. Instantly we can see the tension and strain is the Proctor marriage as when her husband returns home late after a long day planting in the fields, Elizabeth is intensely suspicious of him. This tension is reinforced when the couple sit down for dinner as she uses a patronising tone with him and he secretly insults her by adding more seasoning to the soup she has made when she is not in the room, this is a metaphor showing how their marriage has grown bland and tasteless. This underlying tension between them is undoubtedly caused by Proctor’s affair with Abigail. When Elizabeth informs him that Mary Warren, their servant, had been in court that day as an official of the witchcraft trials, Proctor tells her how he knows the witchcraft accusations are all false as Abby told him when he was with her last week. Elizabeth is disturbed that the two were alone together, but Proctor tells her ‘I’ll not have your suspicion anymore’. He shouts at her with a ‘violent undertone’ to ‘learn charity’, as he has ‘tiptoed around the house for seven months’ since Abigail left. He tells his wife that he has honestly confessed to his sin and tells her that her ‘justice would freeze beer’. This represents him as being an uncaring man as his wife is obviously in distress and we feel sorry for Elizabeth as he is shouting at her and telling her that she is a cold woman when it is he who has been in the wrong when he had his affair with Abby. His callous way makes the audience assume that he will later not be hanged as it is thought that he will not care about admitting to witchcraft, and therefore sacrifice his family name for his life. However, this act also allows the audience to first see how Proctor is not all an evil man through his deep, utter regret, his guilt and his constant desire to cleanse himself of his previous sinful activities with Abigail. It is this break down that helps so show Proctor as no longer being wicked, but rather as being weak and pitiful. As a result, Miller represents Proctor as humanity, as he is someone who is at the same time strong and weak, someone who has made mistakes but who has the sense to learn from them, therefore becoming a better person. The inevitability of his death therefore starts to show, as his true character is honest. The audience further start to have some second thoughts about Proctor’s first cold hearted appearance in the way that Elizabeth seems to be a cold and demanding woman and Elizabeth herself believes that her chilly behaviour may have driven her husband to adultery. She is also withdrawn and distant, this has gradually given her home a silent and insecure atmosphere, and as she continues to punish her husband for his sin, their marriage becomes increasingly tenser. The tension continues to build when Mary Warren then enters, as she informs Proctor and Elizabeth of the many people that have been arrested and how some people will hang. She hands Elizabeth a poppet that she made in court that day, ‘I made a gift for you today, Goody Proctor’ and claims that Sarah Osburn sent her spirit out in court to get them, this shows how easily Abby influenced her and the increasing power Abby is getting as the girls are willing to do whatever she orders them to do. Proctor can not believe the power Abby seems to have over the girls at court and demands evidence of witchcraft from Mary Warren and forbids her to go to court again but she replies that she is ‘amazed you do not see the weighty work we do’ but he threatens her with a whip, ‘strangely she does not resist him’. This shows how although Proctor can use his strength and power to his advantage, he can also use it in a negative way. It also illustrates how Abby is gaining increasingly more power as even the girls themselves are starting to believe that there is witchcraft. Mary claims that she saved Elizabeth’s life today, for she was accused. Elizabeth then realises that Abigail wants to kill her, ‘she wants me dead, John, you know it’. Proctor underestimates Abby, as he never once thought that she would be as wicked or malicious as to accuse Elizabeth of witchery, as Elizabeth is such a good, honest woman who strongly believes in justice and sticking to moral principles. Elizabeth is a well-respected and dignified woman and to accuse her shows that Abigail must strongly hate her as it was dangerous to accuse such a honourable, devout Christian woman of sinful activities when she has such strong religious beliefs. The religious beliefs of Elizabeth and her husband are later questioned when Hale arrives at their house, ‘I thought sir, to put some questions as to the Christian character of this house’. Proctor tries to explain why he works on a Sabbath and has not to been to church as often, he criticises Parris and claims that he spends the church’s money wasteful. Hale asks why only two of Proctor’s children are baptized and asks him to say the Ten Commandments but he can only remember nine of the ten, Elizabeth instantly gives him a sharp and bitter reminder of the tenth, adultery. This is ironic as he broke this commandment when he had his affair with Abby. Proctor obviously knows how foolish he was to be unfaithful and now feels very guilty, this is shown in his constant desire to forget about his sins, and when Elizabeth reminds him, it is ‘as though a secret arrow had pained his heart’. When Proctor tries to tell Hale that witchcraft accusations are not true he does not believe him as he feels that many have confessed to witchcraft. It is here that the hypocrisy of the witchcraft hysteria is exposed as the only way for people to save themselves from hanging was to admit to witchcraft, this sent the witchcraft trials off in a vicious spiral as people would definitely confess to witchery and accuse others, if they would be hanged for denying it. This makes the audience consider if Proctor would confess to witchcraft like the majority of the village to save his life as although he has been represented as not being totally religious by not going to church all the time like the rest of the community, he has given good, moral reasons for not attending. Some of Proctor’s qualities are also helped to be further expressed in Elizabeth’s arrest on the charge that her spirit stabbed Abigail with a needle, ‘stuck two inches in the flesh of her belly he drew a needle out’. He says that he will ‘not give his wife to vengeance’ and when Reverend Hale insists that the court is just, Proctor calls him a ‘Pontius Pilate’. His deep passion and love for his wife mounts along with his anger against the charge and how he is willing to fight for what is right and moral is also expressed. This also shows how Proctor misjudged Abigail as is actually more cunning than he first thought, this seems to show how Proctor sees some good in everybody as he thought she was better than that. The poppet shows that Abigail is yet more wicked, it illustrates how she is jealous and envious of Elizabeth because John loves her so much and also shows how she is determined, unscrupulous, cold and scheming. In the first act, she behaved just in her own interests; she was ready to harm others, but only to save herself. However, in this instance she frames Elizabeth on purpose out of revenge, planting the poppet to murder her. When Elizabeth is taken away, Proctor demands that Mary Warren come to court with him, he uses his intelligence as he knows that he can use Mary to his advantage by making her give evidence against the charges of witchcraft and therefore to prove Elizabeth’s innocence. However, Miller adds irony here as Proctor can rely on one single person to save them from Abigail’s charges but this one person, Mary Warren, is one of the weakest characters in ‘The Crucible’. She alone has the power to stop the hysteria of the witchcraft trials, but does not have the strength or will to do it. Mary needs a lot of force from Proctor to even think about coming clean about the lie in court and as Proctor uses one of his qualities, power, as he is demanding her to give evidence against Abby. She sobs ‘I cannot, I cannot’ but Proctor further expresses his love for his wife as he cries that his ‘wife will not die for him’. His morals and principles allo w the audience to believe that his death will be inescapable. Act Three continues to defend Proctor by focusing on his good points. He enters the court in a powerful manner, presenting a piece of paper signed by Mary Warren saying that the accusations of witchery are false. This shows how he is a natural leader but this quality causes friction between him and Parris. This is revealed as Parris takes the evidence from Proctor as an attack on the court, and even as an attack on him, further, it illustrates how Parris is paranoid and foolish. When Proctor is told that his wife is pregnant by Danforth; although Proctor did not know if it is true or not, he tells everyone in the court that Elizabeth never lies so he believes it, this shows that even thought Elizabeth is often cold towards him, he still deeply loves and trusts her. When Abigail starts to pretend that she can feel a sharp cold wind, ‘a wind, a cold wind has come’, Proctor calls her a ‘whore’ and grabs her by the hair, finally admitting that he had an affair with her, he cries ‘I have known her sir, I have known her’. This again shows how Proctor’s energy and strength can be used negatively. However, he also illustrates deep shame and regret for his unfaithfulness but lets all of the truth be known even if it does mean that he will be charged and the once totally respected member of the community will have a dint in his reputation. He lets all the truth be known as he knows that many innocent people are dying for stupid reasons, this expresses how Proctor supports the theme of truth and justice. It also conveys how Proctor will not lie to defend himself, therefore portraying the idea that he will not later admit to witchcraft to save his own life, therefore expressing how his death may be inevitable. This scene is very ironic as to prove that he is innocent and to show that he is now faithful to his wife, Proctor has to openly tell everyone in the court about his affair. To save Elizabeth and to stop himself from being accused of witchcraft, he has to blacken his name. Even with this sin, Proctor is still shown as a martyr, as he sacrifices his good reputation in Salem, where public reputation is very important, in order to save his wife and others who have been accused of witchcraft even though they are innocent. His great belief in justice helps the audience to believe that his death will be unavoidable as it expresses how he will not carry on the accusations, which will undoubtedly cause many more unjustified deaths, and therefore his life will be lost to save other people.

What Is the Midhinge in Statistics

Within a set of data one important feature are measures of location or position. The most common measurements of this kind are the first and third quartiles. These denote, respectively, the lower 25% and upper 25% of our set of data.   Another measurement of position, which is closely related to the first and third quartiles, is given by the midhinge. After seeing how to calculate the midhinge, we will see how this statistic can be used. Calculation of the Midhinge The midhinge is relatively straightforward to calculate. Assuming that we know the first and third quartiles, we do not have much more to do to calculate the midhinge. We denote the first quartile by Q1 and the third quartile by Q3. The following is the formula for the midhinge: (Q 1 Q 3) / 2. In words we would say that the midhinge is the mean of the first and third quartiles. Example As an example of how to calculate the midhinge we will look at the following set of data: 1, 3, 4, 4, 6, 6, 6, 6, 7, 7, 7, 8, 8, 9, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 To find the first and third quartiles we first need the median of our data. This data set has 19 values, and so the median in the tenth value in the list, giving us a median of 7. The median of the values below this ( 1, 3, 4, 4, 6, 6, 6, 6, 7 ) is 6, and thus 6 is the first quartile. The third quartile is the median of the values above the median ( 7, 8, 8, 9, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13). We find that the third quartile is 9. We use the formula above to average the first and third quartiles, and see that the midhinge of this data is ( 6 9 ) / 2 7.5. Midhinge and the Median It is important to note that the midhinge differs from the median.   The median is the midpoint of the data set in the sense that 50% of the data values are below the median.   Due to this fact, the median is the second quartile.   The midhinge may not have the same value as the median because the median may not be exactly between the first and third quartiles. Use of the Midhinge The midhinge carries information about the first and third quartiles, and so there are a couple of applications of this quantity. The first use of the midhinge is that if we know this number and the interquartile range we can recover the values of the first and third quartiles without much difficulty. For instance, if we know that the midhinge is 15 and the interquartile range is 20, then Q3 - Q1 20 and ( Q3 Q1 ) / 2 15. From this we obtain Q3 Q1 30. By basic algebra we solve these two linear equations with two unknowns and find that Q3 25 and Q1 ) 5. The midhinge is also useful when calculating the trimean. One formula for the trimean is the mean of the midhinge and median: trimean ( median midhinge ) /2 In this way the trimean conveys information about the center and some of the position of the data. History Concerning the Midhinge The midhinge’s name is derived from thinking of the box portion of a box and whiskers graph as being a hinge of a door. The midhinge is then the midpoint of this box. This nomenclature is relatively recent in the history of statistics, and came into widespread use in the late 1970s and early 1980s.

Leonardo Da Vinci vs. Michelangelo Buonarroti Essay

Leonardo da Vinci vs. Michelangelo Buonarroti Linda Williams Art 101 Instructor: Anne Olden April 9th, 2012 1. Thesis statement a. Michelangelo’s sculpting of David, the Pieta, as well as his painting of the Creation of Adam on the ceiling of the Sistine chapel was some of his great works that influenced the art of the 16th century; Leonardo da Vince also contributed great works such as; the Last Supper, the Mona Lisa, and the Modonna of the Rocks. 2. David a. Michelangelo was summoned by Piero Soderini, to sculpt the David from marble in Florence in 1501 (David, n.d.). His sculptor was different from previous ones in that he chose the moment before he slays the giant. His head is turned to the side watching the†¦show more content†¦Leonardo used oil and tempera on the wall of plaster. This short cut in color technique was a failure. The work was soon ruined do to moisture soaking into it (Gillet, n.d.). There are many artists who painted the Last Supperl. Leonardo chose the moment that Christ announces that there is a traitor among them for his painting. Leonard o divides the apostles into two groups of three on both sides of Christ. This leaves Christ as the focal point in the picture. He expresses several different convictions seen in the faces of the apostles such as; sorrow, indignation, and denial. The ceiling is in his usual perspective style, it appears to go far beyond the wall it is painted on (Kleiner, 2010). 6. Mona Lisa a. â€Å"Leonardo’s Mona Lisa is probably the world’s most famous portrait† (Kleiner, 2010 p.461 par.1). The subject of this painting may have been wife of Francesco del Giocondo (Hilton, n.d.), a wealthy man from Florence, Itily. Her name was Lisa and Mona means ‘Lady’ (Mona Lisa, 2002). Her smile is rather pleasant with a misty haze in the background. 7. Madonna of the Rocks a. Leonardo’s Madonna of the Rocks was painted in Milan, Italy, with oil on wood. There were three panels, the two side panels were of angels one in green and one in red. These were to be painte d by the de Predis brothers, overseen by da Vinci. The center piece was to be painted by Leonardo alone (National gallery, n.d.). This storyShow MoreRelatedRenaissance Ideals of Humanism Are Expressed in the Italian Art of the Period970 Words   |  4 Pagesin the Italian art of the period, through the works of various artists like the recognizable Leonardo da Vinci who emphasized humanism ideals with his masterpiece of the human body with the Vitruvian man, there was also Michelangelo Buonarroti representing human divinity with his human sculpture of David Botticelli and finally, the impacting artist Raphael. The Italian renaissance artist Leonardo Da Vinci can be recognized as one of the most outstanding artists of the period who, in addition, stronglyRead MoreEssay on Raphael Sanzio Inspired1449 Words   |  6 Pagesand then he would combine them with his own personality to create some of the best works from his era. Raphael Sanzios work of the Italian High Renaissance era is the result of influences and incorporation of techniques of Michelangelo Buonarroti, Pietro Perugino, and Leonardo DaVinci. Raphael Sanzio is most well remembered for his dynamic works from his time. Raphael was born in Urbino in the province of Umbria in 1483. Fortunately for him, his father, Giovani di Santi, was a painter who beganRead MoreRenaissance in Cinquecento Italy 1313 Words   |  6 Pagesfacial expressions, as well as any relevant elements of art and principals of design (see handout from September or Google â€Å"art elements and design principals†). ANDREA DEL VERROCCHIO, David 1465 – 1470 or DONATELLO, David, 1440–1460 VS. MICHELANGELO BUONARROTI, David, 1501 – 1504 Interest in humanism and the rebirth of Classical, spur an interest in authentic Roman and Greek sculptures. The revival of nudity in life-size sculpture was initiated by Donatello’s David, and continued through the

Sources of Finance - 1496 Words

P3 Introduction For this task I will be considering the sources of finance I will need for my company. Why might a business require finance? A business may require finance because they can either: †¢ Be setting up a new business and they do not have enough money to start up. †¢ They may need new equipment to help make the business expand and make more profit. †¢ Or they may even want to replace old machinery. †¢ They may want to move there store to a better location that might benefit there company more. †¢ Or they may want to take over another company. Additional finance can help a company keep trading while it is waiting for it payments for its last sales. It allows a business to meet ongoing costs of operation or help them to†¦show more content†¦After a fixed time or period it will be sent back to it original owner. This method of finance is good my business because it is a car rental company and this type of finance is made for these sorts of companies. Not only can I lease my products but I can lease my premises as well. Leasing is an alternative to buying money assets. As we all no buying these types of merchandise can be very expensive especially for a new business like my self. Leasing helps new firms with there cash flow. I can find this source by researching leasing companies. There are two type of leasing methods: Direct lease- A company chooses an asset it want to require form an leasing company and the leasing company rents it to you business for a period of time and eventually you will have to return it back to the leasing company after customers use it. Sometime the leasing company will allow the business to buy the asset for a good price. Leaseback- this is like the opposite of direct lease. Your company own as an asset and leases it to and leasing company and the company leases it to you. The leasing company now owns that asset. The drawbacks of leasing a car are: †¢ you can t use a leased asset as collateral for a future loan, †¢ interest rates can be very high (so be sure to negotiate it before committing), †¢ some lease terms are longer than the life expectancy of the asset, so make sure that you don t get stuck making payments on obsolete equipment, †¢ oneShow MoreRelatedsources of finance1286 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Sources of finance Some sources of finance are short term and must be paid back within a year. Other sources of finance are long term and can be paid back over many years. Internal sources of finance are funds found inside the business. For example, profits can be kept back to finance expansion. Alternatively the business can sell assets that are no longer really needed to free up cash. External sources of finance are found outside the business. For example from creditors or banks. InternalRead MoreSources of Finance1111 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction In this essay we will be looking at different sources of finance available for different type of business. Also will be looking at the definitions of different type of sources of finance, the advantages, disadvantages and also giving reasons to why different sources of finance was chosen for the given case studies. Types of sources of finance Bank Loan – is a long term loan and will often be for large amount of money for starting up a business or to expanding. Business will agreeRead MoreSources of Finance972 Words   |  4 PagesSources of finance What are the main sources and finance for UK firms and why? All firms need some kind of financing. Access to finance may differ considerably from firm to firm depending on what type of business they are and how big/known they are; Sole Trader, Public Limited or Private Limited Company. There are both INTERNAL and EXTERNAL sources of finance. 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Get the financing right and the company will have a healthy business, positive cash flows and ultimately a profitable enterprise. The financing can happen at any stage of a business s development. On commencement of your enterprise the business entity will need finance to start up and, later on, finance to expand. Finance sources may be internal or external but they may also be short, medium orRead MoreSources of Finance7811 Words   |  32 PagesIntroduction - Sources of Finance Introduction to the Sources of Finance resource. Sources of Finance Introduction This resource is designed for use with Accounting courses at A level. This resource is relevant to the following: * AQA Module 5, Section 14.5: Types of Business Organisation, Sources of Finance * OCR Module 2505, Sections 5.3.2 and 5.6.2 For many businesses, the issue about where to get funds from for starting up, development and expansion can be crucial for the successRead MoreSources of Finance4664 Words   |  19 PagesSection 1 – Sources of Finance There are 4 main types of business ownership: †¢ Sole trader †¢ Partnership †¢ Private limited company (Ltd) †¢ Public limited company (Plc) Each of these types of business needs to raise finance for capital investment Sole Trader This is a business that is owned by one person. Sole Traders are responsible for raising all the finance to set up and run the business. Usually a sole trader would be for a small business/ (businesses with a flatRead MoreInternal Sources Of Finance And Finance Essay2349 Words   |  10 PagesInternal sources of finance: Internal sources of finance are funds that arise from within the business such as profits as they can be retained to grow the finance and selling assets. Retained profit Retained profit is the money kept in the company after paying dividends. It is used to reinvest in the business or to pay debt. It comes by a business after it makes profit and is kept separate to use in other ways such as expanding the business by developing new buildings or certain areas, buying new

The purpose of the presentation

Question: What is the main purpose of The purpose of the presentation is to highlight the importance of Non-Verbal communication? Answer: General purpose: The purpose of the presentation is to highlight the importance of Non-Verbal communication. There are different ways by which a person can communicate with others without talking but by the means of their body postures or any kind of signs or symbols to demonstrate what they want to express. Specific purpose: Non-verbal communication is an effective mode to communicate with other peers. It is most effective in places where there is no scope of opening your mouth and you have to talk with other body parts such as eyes, fingers or facial expression. Introduction: Attention getter: Once one of my cousins was very disappointed and was seemed to be panic stricken. When asked about his sorrow, he told in a gruff voice and revealed that the speaker of his laptop was not working. He was unable to do video chat with one of his friend who was recently shifted to another city. On that very day, my cousin thought of wishing his friend over video cal by singing the birthday song to him. However, his plan was supposed to get failed due to technical errors. However, I gave him the idea of wishing his friend in a mute way. He was advised that he might imitate the birth song with some facial expression and body expression. He was delighted with the idea and very happily got ready to apply this. Reveal topic and motivate the audience: The topic of this presentation is to evaluate the importance of non-verbal communication and how effective it could be at certain occasions (Siegman Feldstein, 2014). Communication is broadly classified into two major categories: Verbal and Non-Verbal communication. Verbal communication is easy. Whatever we want to say, we can easily speak it out. The only thing that matters is that the listener must be able to understand the language that has been spoken. In case of Non-verbal communication, one has to be really careful about each and every expression coming from the senders side. In case if the receiver misses out a single expression, the whole scenario might change. (Mouawad, Desainte-Catherine Rouas, 2015) Again it can be said that both the sender and the receiver of the message must be skillful enough to communicate in body language or signs.Preview: The main things to be covered in this presentation are: What is non-verbal communication Importance of non-verbal communication Where can we use non-verbal communication Importance of Non-verbal communication in work place Types of non-verbal communication Ways to improve non-verbal communication Conclusion Thesis: Non verbal communication is an effective means of communication. Transition: Non verbal communication: Messages expressed by means of non-lingual technique is called non-verbal communication. It is estimated that about 93% of the communication is carried on by the means of non verbal way. When the existence of words was not evident in this world, people used to communicate only by the means of non verbal expression (Hogrefe et al., 2012). Thus, the importance and the value of non verbal communication can never be neglected. Types of non-verbal communication: Various types of non-verbal communication are eye contact, body language, facial expression, uplifting the eyebrows or even frowning are various types of non verbal communication (Chaney Martin, 2013). Importance of non verbal communication: What might happen if the boss of the office caught the employee talking with someone else? There is a huge probation of the fact that strict actions are taken against the person (Knapp, Hall Horgan, 2013). However, if the person prefers to talk by using his other body parts then there is no scope for the boss to interrupt the conversation. Ways to improve non verbal communication: Practicing is the best way to improve any kind of knowledge. For practicing communication, only a partner is needed. However, it might happen that the person is not interested enough to carry a mute conversation. Thus, other means of improving non verbal communication are, by practicing in front of the mirror (Ting-Toomey Chung, 2012). Looking at the mirror and rectifying the ways are the best way to improve in non verbal communication. Conclusion: The presentation highlighted the various aspects of non verbal communication. The places where this communication is mostly used and the ways to improve the non verbal communication have been highlighted. If one practice more than the person can become much superior to talk with people even by not using his mouth. Reference list: Chaney, L., Martin, J. (2013).Intercultural business communication. Pearson Higher Ed. Hogrefe, K., Ziegler, W., Weidinger, N., Goldenberg, G. (2012). Non-verbal communication in severe aphasia: Influence of aphasia, apraxia, or semantic processing?.Cortex,48(8), 952-962. Knapp, M., Hall, J., Horgan, T. (2013).Nonverbal communication in human interaction. Cengage Learning. Mouawad, P., Desainte-Catherine, M., Rouas, J. L. (2015). Multilabel Classification of Non-Verbal Communication of Emotions.MML 2015, 25. Siegman, A. W., Feldstein, S. (2014).Nonverbal behavior and communication. Psychology Press. Ting-Toomey, S., Chung, L. C. (2012).Understanding intercultural communication. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

The Logic Model and Evaluation

Introduction Evaluation remains a basic component of any program. For purposes of benchmarking as well as measuring of program progress levels and indicators, evaluation is a critical tool. The evaluation initiatives normally vary in duration of conduct, type, or objective. For instance, it is observable that there might be short term, process, as well as impact evaluation depending on the approach to evaluation chosen by the evaluators.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Logic: Model and Evaluation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Definitely, these diverse approaches to evaluation harbor different objectives and are normally conducted uniquely from one another. At the initiation stage of the project, the targeted indicators and deliverables of the project are s sufficiently drawn by the project staff according to the basic needs assessments already conducted (Gertler World Bank, 2010). Most behavior c hange programs targeting drug and substance abuse within the general population often require thorough and comprehensive evaluation mechanisms to adhere to the best practices and achieve the various set targets. The adoption and execution of an appropriate evaluation procedure and mechanism therefore remains pertinent to enhancing the success of most of the anti-drugs campaign or behavior change programs (Hogan, 2003). This paper therefore outlines the various disparities that are eminent between process, short term outcome, as well as long term impact evaluation. Furthermore, it disuses some of the notable negative impacts of conducting specifically short term outcome and/or long term evaluation, minus the process evaluation mechanisms. The Difference between Process, Short Term Outcome, and Long Term Impact Evaluations Evaluation process majorly investigates the procedures as well as processes or roles that are encountered during any program implementation. Additionally, this eval uation approach may also examine all the administrative as well as organizational concerns of the particular program under study (United Nations, 2011). As the program progresses, it is vital to take into account the various activities and investigate or examine them as to whether they comply with the path to attainment of the initially outline program deliverables , indicators, or objectives. This perhaps summarizes the major objectives of the process evaluation (Gertler World Bank, 2010). Thus, it can be concluded that this type of evaluation basically monitors the project activities to ensure adequate and timely feedback I the course of a program in context. On the other hand, short term outcome evaluation may be applicable in obtaining the descriptive data or facts concerning a specific program. Consequently, the evaluation procedure might also be engaged in the recoding or documentation of the observed short term results.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Task-oriented outcomes refer to those that outline the impact of the particular activity. On the other hand, short-term outcomes describe the instant impacts of the program on the marked audience. Certain pertinent information or data that may emanate from the short term outcome evaluation may entail (United Nations, 2011). Knowledge as well as attitude transformation and expressed aims of a target group. In addition, the information may also include short-term or instant behavior transformation and policies executed or any institutional alterations made. Generally, the short term outcome evaluations measure project results and other outcomes. Long term impact evaluations also bear unique or distinct features from the other two forms of evaluations already outlined and discussed. Ideally, this kind of evaluation remains the highly complex and comprehensive relative to the two forms alread y discussed herein. It also remains highly appropriate and applicable since it concentrates on particular long-duration impacts or outcomes of the project (Hogan, 2003). Furthermore, it might also directly measure or point out the transformations or enhancements in the wellbeing of a targeted group. This particularly applies in campaigns as well as behavior change programs or initiatives within large populations. It is critical to note that this kind of an evaluation normally remains scarcely applicable within organizations since it is mostly very costly and entail an extended dedication by the various teams. For this role, an external evaluator is normally contracted to carry out the whole process since organizations can never evaluate themselves. It is different from the short term and process evaluation since it even utilizes the data recorded from these evaluations to develop a final outcome or impact matrix (Gertler World Bank, 2010). However, it is clear that the outcomes usu ally may not be expressly linked to the impacts of the activity or project. This is basically due to the manipulations of other outdoor elements on the specific population. Observably, these influences are always noted to be transpiring over longer durations or periods. Some pertinent information that is likely to be drawn from this kind of evaluation may include alterations in morbidity or mortality and transformations in absenteeism from school or work places. The Danger of Conducting Only Short Term Outcome And /Or Long Term Impact Evaluation, Without Process Evaluation Components As indicated before, process evaluation is vital since it deals with the active monitoring of the activities as well as inputs involved towards the achievement of both long-term and short term goals. The basic aim behind process evaluation is therefore to put the project processes under a streamlined and uniformly objective system of action.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample o n The Logic: Model and Evaluation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Therefore, process evaluation remains a critical monitoring approach that unlike both other types of evaluation occurs immediately after a project has been executed. The process occurs throughout the project phase and is basically the directing evaluative component of the program with a fundamental objective of putting the program into the proper channel (Gertler World Bank, 2010). Process evaluation just like monitoring, is not the end relative to other forms of evaluation discussed herein. In perspective, process evaluation offers a monitoring aspect to the whole project and is carried out continuously (United Nations, 2011). The process allows projects to identify and recognize the factors that are not pertinent to the project, or the indicators of the project that may not be performing well. In the execution of process evaluation, the deviant factors or processes are identified and adjustments are conducted in the process to channel the program towards efficiency and success. The basic objective here is to enhance the effectiveness as well as efficiency of any project. Thus, it is crucial to note that a project might go astray or lose its course of objective if process evaluation components are not considered (United Nations, 2011). This is because the short term outcome as well as the long term impact evaluations usually occurs after specified intervals while process evaluation is a continuous process right from the program initiation stage. Conclusion Conclusively, evaluation remains a critical component of any projects and the personalities concerned have to adequately plan and budget for the appropriate evaluation methodology chosen. Basically, process evaluation enables projects to examine critically the factors or elements that are actually occurring against what was initially outlined or planned (Hogan, 2003). It enables the projects to execute remedial actions to get activities back on the right channel and be answerable to the targeted outcomes that the project aims to attain. Additionally, the process evaluation helps to recognize how finances ought to be allocated across all project activities and to gather facts that may be applied in the other evaluation procedures. References Gertler, P. World Bank. (2010). Impact evaluation in practice. Washington, D.C: World Bank.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Hogan, J. A. (2003). Substance abuse prevention: The intersection of science and practice. Boston: Allyn and Bacon. United Nations. (2011). Evaluation: Monitoring, Outcome and Impact. Retrieved from http://www.endvawnow.org/en/articles/340-evaluation-monitoring-outcome-andimpact.html This research paper on The Logic: Model and Evaluation was written and submitted by user Duncan Mccall to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. 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